“For from the time when Rome cast its net to the ends of the earth, it rearranged and transformed all in a single polity, and compelled all to be tributary to a single yoke. But when the net began to decay and split, the state of affairs and the names also changed.” (trans. Haldon 2021, p. 166)
This sombre judgement on Rome’s failure occurs in a 10th century description of the military dispositions of the Eastern Roman Empire compiled by the emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in the preamble concerning the Balkan themes (military commands). The text of De Thematibus can be viewed more as a reflection of Byzantine attitudes to the Roman past than a literal account of contemporary dispositions, unlike another of Constantine’s texts, the De Administrando Imperio, concerned with the contemporary political geography and diplomacy of the Empire’s neighbours.
The region may be defined as a wide triangle of lands, limited by the Danube in the north, the Dinaric Alps to the west, and litt...
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[Constantine Porphyrogenitus], De Thematibus, II, 1 (ed. Pertusi 1952, p. 84): Ἀφ’ οὗ γὰρ ἡ τῶν Ῥωμαίων ἀρχὴ τὴν ἑαυτῆς σαγήνην ἐξήπλωσεν εἰς πάντα…
For a detailed study of the Justinianic Balkans see now Sarantis 2016; for the quaestor exercitus, Sarantis 2019; for an historical overview see…
See now the innovative study; Whiting, Weppelmann-Akyildiz 2025.
Moreau, Atanasov, Beaudry, 2020.
Ćurčić 2010.
Rizos 2011, p. 459, fig. 17.
Dinchev 2007, p. 523-524, fig. 45.
Poulter 2019, p. 14, fig. 0.4.
Swann 2007.
Poulter 2019.
Velkov 1977; Ćurčić 2010, fig 44.
Rizos 2011, p. 462-464.
Rizos 2022, p. 227, fig 11.11.
Ivanišević, 2017.
Gregory 1993; Dinchev 2007, p. 524; Crow 2013, p. 414-418; Wiewiorwski 2013; Hof 2020a; Rizos 2022.
Agathias, Histories, V, 13, 5-6 (ed. Keydell 1967, p. 179-180): Πολλαχοῦ γὰρ ὑπὸ χρόνου καὶ ἀτημελείας ἐπεπτώκει καὶ διελέλυτο ἡ τοῦ μεγίστου…
Theophanes the Confessor, Chronography, A.M. 6051 (ed. de Boor 1883, p. 233): Eὑρόντες δὲ τοῦ τείχους τοῦ Ἀναστασιακοῦ τόπους τινὰς πεπτωκότας ἐκ…
The account of Justinian’s triumphal entry is preserved in Constantine Porphyrogenitus [and Romanos Lekapenos], Treatises on Imperial Military…
Theophylact Simocatta, History, VI, 6, 4-5.
Theophanes the Confessor, Chronography, A.M. 6054. See Mango, Scott 1997, p. 348, n. 11.
von Bülow 2007.
See now Moreau 2024, with a welcome historical survey.
Lemerle 1954, p. 287.
Whitby 1988, p. 174-179; see now the important comparison between the Balkans and Anatolia in late sixth to the eighth centuries Sarantis 2022.
The archaeological evidence is reviewed in Curta 2001, p. 120-189.
Crow 2013, p. 418-421.
Popović 1987.
Whitby 1988, p.150
See Whitby 1988.
Whitby 1988, p. 160-161.
Torbatov 2016.
Priscus, Fragments, V, 9-16 = Constantine Porphyrogenitus, Excerpts on the Embassies of Barbarians to the Romans, Priscus, III.
Theophylact Simocatta, History, VII, 3, 1-5 (ed. de Boor 1972, p. 249-250): Tρίτη δὲ ἡμέρα, καὶ ἐν Ἀσήμῳ τῇ πόλει τὰς ἐπαύλεις ποιεῖται. ἐπεὶ δὲ οἱ…
Torbatov 2016, fig. 16, 19, 21.
Whitby 1988, p. 164.
Crow 2021.
Curta 2001; Guest 2019, p. 255-257. See now the review of hoards and coinage after 600 in Gandila, Hristov 2023. The detailed study of coins from…
Haldon 2024, p. 166.
Wilson 2022.
Penn et alii 2021, p. 131-135.
Sarantis 2022, p. 165-168.
Crow 2014, p. 293-294.
Anastasius the Apocrist, Record of the Trial (BHG, 1231), XIII (ed. Allen, Neil 2002, p. 72): […] ὃ οὐκ ἔχει ἐξώτερον βῆμα ποδὸς ἡ Ῥωμαίων βασιλεία…
Anastasius the Apocrist, Dispute at Bizya (BHG, 1233), I; XIII.
Ousterhout, Bakirtzis 2007, p. 162-165; Ćurčić 2010, p. 31.
Jankowiak 2013.
Jankowiak 2013, p. 442-444, map 1. See also Notitiae episcopatuum Ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae, I, 28, 418-421 ; 32, 444-449.
Gandila, Hristov 2023, p. 134.
Curta 2026.
Fingarova 2011; Rizos 2013.
Sharankov 2008; Ivison 2000, p. 43-44.
This view contrasts with Anthony Kaldellis’ recent assertion (2023) concerning the formal borders of Byzantine territory and the rejection of the…
For Byzantine-Bulgar relations see Sophoulis 2011; the military culture of the Bulgars in Sophoulis 2023; for a discussion of Bulgar material…
Sophoulis 2011, p. 280, map 3.
Whitby 1988, p. 144-145.
Iveniševič 2017, fig. 2-3; Hof 2020b; see also for the Long Walls: fig. 3 above.
Curta 2023, p. 60-61, with an overview of the early medieval earthworks across the Balkans.
Bury 1913, p. 362; for the question of connection of the treaty and the earthwork see Curta 2023, p. 61, n. 13, p. 65.