The world of Roman borderlands offers a series of unparalleled features to explore the interaction between communities, economy and state authority. The impact of Rome at the edge of its Empire varies abundantly, and this peculiarity generates complex scenarios, which differ through time and space. Studies carried out on the German and other northern limites have highlighted how the imperial strategy of Rome was adapted and—in cases—converted and modified to fit into the particular socio-economic and cultural texture of these liminal zones. Regional variability and different urbanisation patterns impacted abundantly on the economic landscapes of Roman borderland areas, and datasets for the Rhine limes or northern England have enabled historians and archaeologists to draw extremely interesting conclusions about population growth, economic impact and settlement dynamics.
As a negative counterbalance to this (relative) abundance of records, data from the eastern frontier of ...
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Elton 1996; Young 2001; Whittaker 2004; Parker 2010.
Franconi and Green 2019; and other contributions in Verhagen et alii 2019.
Discussion in Palermo et alii 2022.
See Parker 2006, p. 77-104 for a detailed discussion of the topic, particularly in regard to borderlands in the greater Near East.
Isaac 1988; 1992.
Marciak 2017.
See Millar 1993, p. 437-488; Edwell 2008.
With the exception of Rhesaina which is situated at the spring of the Khabur (mod. Arabic name is Ras el-Ain, “the head of the spring”), all other…
Millar 1993; Butcher 2004; Edwell 2008; Ball 2016.
Oates 1968 on the excavations at Singara and Ain Sinu. Palermo 2014 on Nisibis and its archaeological remains; Regional-scale studies: Brancato …
De Jong, Palermo 2018, p. 244-245.
Palermo 2016; Palermo et alii 2022.
Palermo 2019, p. 52. The Expositio totius mundi (XXII) mentions that because of this particular status cities like Nisibis (and Edessa) were…
Early 20th century travelers failed in recognizing imposing architecture in the area, a sign that speaks for an even earlier obliteration, and…
Ousterhout 2019, p. 165-166. On the water management in the Near East during the Roman period see also Kamash 2013.
Lightfoot 1988, p. 110. See also de Jong, Palermo 2018, p. 254.
Lightfoot 1988.
Palermo 2019, p. 74.
McEwan et alii 1958. Some evidence about the Roman and Byzantine levels at Tell Fekheriye are also present.
Palermo 2019, p. 93-94. See also Cadario 2020.
Oates 1968, p. 97-106.
See the extensive bibliography on the topic, which is available at: http://oxrep.classics.ox.ac.uk/bibliographies/ancient_city_populations_…
Witcher 2011, p. 43.
Wilkinson 2003, p. 39-51. This theory was first formulated by Robert Mc. Adams (1965, p. 123; 1981, p. 142-144, 349), and it was adopted for Carol…
Kramer 1982.
On the reconstruction of ancient demography in the Near East, see Kramer 1980; Wilkinson 1994.
The recent volume by S. James (2019) provides a substantial historical and archaeological overview of the military camp at Dura.
James 2019, p. 300.
Baird (as pers. comm.) in James 2019, p. 300. Previously Baird (2014, p. 121) suggested lower figures: 5-6,000.
I Parthica and III Parthica were effectively deployed in the region. The II Parthica, although created for the eastern campaigns, was headquartered…
Bowman, Wilson 2011, p. 13.
Jongman 2009, p. 116.
Lawrence et alii 2016.
On the surveys carried out in the region see, in particular, Wilkinson, Tucker 1995; Wright et alii 2002; Morandi Bonacossi, Iamoni 2015; Palermo…
Wilkinson 1994, p. 483-520.
This model has been based on ethno-archaeological evidence from modern Iraq (Adams 1965). Adams calculated that, excluding the area of Baghdad, the…
Horden, Purcell 2000, p. 270-277.
The strict correlation between major cities and their sustaining countryside in the Near East during the Classical Age has also been postulated for…
Palermo 2019, p. 190-209.
On the so-called “Brittle Ware” as a particular index fossil in northern Syria see Amodio 2008; Vokaer 2010; 2011.
Ur et alii 2013; Palermo 2016; de Jong, Palermo 2018.
Palermo et alii 2022.
Ruffing 2016.
Ruffing 2007, p. 399-411.
James 2019, p. 308.
The papyri were edited in three different articles (Feissel, Gascou 1989; 1995; Feissel, Gascou, Teixidor 1997). The texts have been thoroughly…
Gnoli 1999, p. 341
On the urban development in connection with the Via Traiana Nova see Segal, Richardson 1988; On the Strata Diocletiana see Kennedy, Riley 1990, p. …
Talbert 2010, p. 73-84. For the latest commented edition of the Tabula, see Rathmann 2018.
Salway 2002, p. 123-125.
There are other characteristics that Salway has used to determine the date and the provenance of the Peutinger Map. See his 2005 article for…
Talbert 2010.
Palermo 2019, p. 210-230.
In the interest of comparison two-houses symbols are used to represent Palmyra, Aleppo (Beroea), and Apamea, to remain in the macro-regional…
Oates 1968, p. 78-79.
Oates 1968, p. 71. The milestone was found in a modern house, as reported by Cagnat 1927, p. 53, but was unfortunately lost at the moment David…
AÉ, 1958, 241. See Palermo 2019, p. 87-88.
AÉ, 1927, 161 = AÉ, 1928, 155. See Palermo 2019, p. 29-30.
Millar 1993, p. 101. On the creation of a road to Circesium, see Gschwind 2009, 1600. This route was part of a wider network dated to the Severan…
On the excavations carried out at the camp of Ain Sinu see Oates 1968; and Palermo 2019, p. 131-145.
Edwell 2008, p. 153. On the route network between the Singara area and Hatra see Altaweel, Hauser 1993; Palermo 2019, p. 103-105.
Seland 2016.