Hoffmann 1823.
Reuter 2007, p. 78-86.
Heeren 2016, p. 185-190.
Bakker 1993.
Batz 1996, p. 86-88.
See Kuhnen 1992; Hartmann 2022.
Kos 1995, p. 41.
Reuter 2007, p. 133-145.
Witschel 2020; Strobel 2021.
Sommer 2014.
Nuber 1990; Steidl 2000; Heising 2020; Witschel 2020.
Pferdehirt, Scholz 2013, p. 42-44.
Flügel et alii 2017.
Sommer 2015, p. 321-323; Obmann 2021; Becker, Scholz (forthcoming).
Schaflitzl, Güldenstein 2022.
Bender 2014, p. 17.
Heising 2013, p. 60-66.
Noelke 2021.
Spickermann 2015, p. 78-79.
Moneta 2010, p. 156; Heising 2013, p. 64.
Reuter 2012, p. 314; Blöck, Tränkle 2013, p. 217; Neth 2013, p. 177; Heising 2008, p. 124-125; 2014, p. 342; Blöck 2016, p. 252-254 and 257.
Czysz 2013, p. 356; Heising 2013, p. 64.
Cassius Dio, Roman History, LXXVIII, 13, 4.
Cassius Dio, Roman History, LXXVIII, 13, 5; Witschel 2020, p. 424, 429.
Bender 2013, p. 123-127; Witschel 2020, p. 427.
Aurelius Victor, Book of the Caesars, XXI, 2.
Bender 2013, p. 117-120.
Witschel 2020, p. 428.
Pfahl 2012, p. 58.
CIL, VI, 2086.
Planck et alii 2014, p. 76-83.
Bender 2013, p. 131.
Kortüm 2014.
CIL, XIII, 6459; Bender 2013, p. 124.
Herodian, Roman History, VI, 7, 2-4.
Biegert, Steidl 2011, p. 283-292.
Moneta 2010, p. 159.
Rieth 2023, p. 75-106.
Biegert, Steidl 2011, p. 273-274.
Witschel 2020, p. 432-434.
Pöppelmann et alii 2013, p. 66-70, 111-125; Moosbauer 2018; Moosbauer et alii 2022.
Sulk 2016, p. 16.
Czysz et alii 2003, p. 239-247.
Gairhos 2008, p. 108-120; Biegert, Steidl 2011, p. 277.
Schallmayer et alii 2017, p. 103.
Biegert, Steidl 2011, p. 277-278.
Klee 2022, p. 124-125.
von Kaenel, Wenzel 2010.
In the course of the Marcomannic Wars from AD 166. See Ortisi 2001.
Kortüm 1998, p. 49; Heising 2010, p. 60.
Heising 2020, p. 34.
See Steidl 2019, p. 92, with a map of hoards in Raetia and Upper Germany, dating to AD 233.
Weber 2006; Luik, Blumer 2009, p. 156.
Fasold, Weber 1987; [Schleiermacher and] Flügel 1993, p. 91-94.
Heising 2010; Mergen 2019.
Heising 2010, p. 63-64.
Strobel 2021, p. 186.
Biegert, Steidl 2011, p. 285-288.
Heising 2008, p. 137; Biegert, Steidl 2011, p. 288-290.
Rothacher, Scheuerbrandt 2016.
Heising 2012, p. 173.
Kirch 2015, p. 19; Arnolds 2019.
See Schnetz 2013, p. 86-87, for a quick overview; Reuter 2007.
Reuter 2007, p. 86-107; Moosbauer 2018, p. 143, fig. 23; Steidl 2019, p. 88-101.
Reuter 2007, p. 109-122.
Schnetz 2013, p. 83-85; Schweinssing 2009.
Arnold 2019, p. 90.
See Konrad 2005, p. 92.
Fischer 2022, p. 67; Schnetz 2013, p. 86.
Greiner 2003 ; 2010.
Becker 2019, p. 210-215; Schade-Lindig 2020, p. 50-239.
Tacitus, Germany, XXIX, 3.
Herodian, Roman History, III, 8, 5; Eck 2011, p. 76.
Justinian, Digest, XXI, 2, 11 [Julius Paulus].
Zimmermann 2012, p. 285.
Pferdehirt, Scholz 2013, p. 44-52.
Heising 2014, p. 338.
E.g. Blöck 2016, p. 255-258.
Scholz 2016, p. 262-264.
Reuter 2012, p. 54; Scholz 2014, p. 191.
Scholz, Klaffki 2012, p. 122-123; Heising 2013, p. 68.
Steidl 2000, p. 111.
Heising 2014, p. 340.
Wenzel, Fasold 2021, p. 154.
Steidl 2013, p. 95-97; Gräf 2013.
Walter 2000, p. 145-196; 2004.
Heising 2008, p. 126.
Steidl 2000, p. 122-126; 2006, p. 81; Matschulat 2023, p. 141.
Scholz 2017, p. 450-452.
Steidl 2006, p. 84; Reis 2010, p. 268.
The brutal murder of a Germanic family: Fasold 2015.
Historia Augusta, Thirty Pretenders, VI, 2 (ed. Pachoud 2011, p. 6): [...] adhibitis ingentibus Germanorum auxiliis, [...]. See Reuter 2003, p. 105…
Eismann 2011; Jäger 2019, p. 505-508.
Reuter 2003, p. 63-81.
Anonymus Valesianus LXXVIII, 13, 4, 14; John Xiphilinus, Epitome of Cassius Dio, LXXVIII, 14, 3.
Witschel 2020, p. 426-427; Becker (forthcoming).
Heising 2020, p. 39.
Steidl 2006, p. 81; Heising 2014, p. 342; Wenzel 2012, p. 100.
Jung 2011, p. 179; Witschel 2020, p. 453-454.
Heising 2012, p. 174, 183-188. For a few counter-examples: Reuter 2012, p. 318; Blöck 2016, p. 266.
Fehr 2008, p. 99-102.
Jäger 2019, p. 495-499; Van Thienen and Helfert 2022, p. 200-201.
Jäger 2019, p. 59-61.
Steidl 2000, p. 186-191; Steidl 2006, p. 82.
Blöck 2016, p. 261-266; Dürr 2016, p. 415.
Jäger 2019, p. 500-502.
König et alii 2021.
Schach-Dörges 1998; Jäger 2019, p. 359-360.
Schäfer (forthcoming).
See Steidl 2023.
Faber et alii 2022.
Hüdepohl 2023.
Reuter 2007, p. 123-124.
Römische Inschriften aus Augsburg, ein digitales Sammelbuch: https://sempub.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ria/.
Guffler 2023.
Haensch 2023.
Heising 2013.
Scholz 2006, p. 87-115; Heising 2008, p. 123-129; Scholz 2018, p. 148-151.
Hensen 2012.
Dreier 2010, p. 45; Blöck 2016, p. 261-262; Heising et alii 2020, on fallen walls and their causes.
Scholz 2007, p. 113.
Scholz 2006, p. 57; Fleer 2011, p. 159.
Scholz 2006, p. 97.
Reuter 2012, p. 311-313.
Matschulat 2023, p. 140-141.
Scholz 2006, p. 68-71.
Becker 2018, p. 892.
Reuter 2012, p. 315-316; Heising 2012, p. 171; Reis 2010, p. 83-116.
Scholz 2009, p. 471-472.
Sommer 2015, p. 323.
Fleer 2011, p. 146-148; Moneta 2010, p. 160.
Scholz 2018, p. 152.
Balle, Scholz 2018, p. 107.
Heising 2008, p. 133; 2014, p. 342.
Dreier 2010, p. 45.
Heising 2014, p. 342; Fasold 2015, p. 140.
Moneta 2010, p. 159-160.
Martin 2019, p. 54-55.
Grain drying kilns instead of hypocausts. See Heising 2014, p. 341.
Czysz 2013, p. 328; Blöck 2016, p. 255-257.
Harper 2020, p. 197.
Kostial-Gürtler, Ager 2013.
At least 100 dead on 35 sites. See Heising 2020, p. 38.
Heising 2008, p. 136-138; Kirch 2015, p. 19.
Heising 2008, p. 136-138; Becker 2014, p. 27, 35.
H. Blänkle 2010, p. 277-308; Fasold 2015.
Kortüm 1995, p. 60, 92; Heising 2008, p. 137; Kirch 2015, p. 19.
Kos 1995.
Werner 1938.
For a 3rd century metal hoards in the Rhine/Danube provinces, see Künzl 2009, p. 203 fig. 1.
Künzl 1993.
Petrovszky 2009.
Künzl 1996; Künzl 1997.
For a short list of items in this hoard, see Steidl 2021, p. 120-123.
Meyr and Flügel (forthcoming).
Petrovszky 2000.
Chameroy 2011; 2012.
Kortüm 1995, p. 92.
Rabold 2009, p. 453.
Historisches Museum der Pfalz Speyer 2006. However, see the review of this in: Schönfelder 2006.
Heising 2008, p. 136.
Steidl 2021.
Scholz 2007, p. 113, 118; Heising 2012, p. 178; 2014, p. 342.
Hampel 2010, p. 99 (AD 253-259).
Scholz 2007, p. 113; Reis 2022, p. 146.
Hanemann 2014.
Heising 2008, p. 128; Speidel 2011, p. 218.
Pfahl, Reuter 1996, p. 138-140.
Reuter 2007.
Scholz 2009, p. 471.
CIL, XVII/2, 624 (AD 250).
Heising 2008; 2020, p. 34.
Heising 2020, p. 37-44; Reis 2010, p. 266-267; Fasold 2015, p. 139; Reis 2022, p. 138-139, 145.
E.g. Reis 2015, p. 84; Noelke 2021, p. 177-178.
Heising 2020, p. 38-40.
Wenzel et alii 2020, p. 163.
Kortüm 2012, p. 195-196.
Kortüm 2012, p. 195.
E.g. Scholz 2006, p. 84; Fleer 2011, p. 119-123; Kortüm 2012, p. 195; Becker 2018, p. 892.
Heising 2010, p. 64-66; Schücker 2016, p. 44; Heeren 2016, p. 204; Wenzel, Fasold 2020, p. 154; Henrich 2023, p. 578
Heising 2012, p. 155-157; Jäger 2019, p. 256-267.
Heising 2020, p. 35.
Heeren 2016, p. 203-204; Reis 2022.
Reuter 2003, p. 63-81.
CIL, XIII, 5203.
Schatzmann 2013, p. 75, 218.
Asal et alii 2017, p. 294; Blöck, Zagermann 2018.
CIL, XIII, 5249.
Hächler et alii 2020.
Heising 2012.
Reuter 2009, p. 225-226.
Konrad 2005, p. 93.
Hasler, Heiligmann, Höneisen 2005.
Mackensen 2018, p. 52, fig. 8.
Mackensen 1998.
Hüdepohl 2023.
Reuter 2009, p. 225-226, fig. 8.
Faßbinder et alii 2017.